Some insulating materials like skin and bones

EMT may act in depression by balancing the inter-hemispheric asymmetry between the left and right prefrontal lobe and observed in major depression.
This concept, TMS can be considered as a non-convulsive treatment for pharmacologically-resistant depression, which may avoid the use of Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
Several studies in animals and humans were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of TMS in the treatment of depression.
 Such studies, with some surprising results demonstrate that TMS is a promising tool.
 Nevertheless, the EMT is still experimental, still waiting for further studies to be validated, however, in the future, the EMT can become a powerful tool in diagnosis and therapy in neuropsychiatry.
 The authors' goal in this article is to review the basic principles of TMS and discuss the results of studies on the use of this technique in the treatment of depression. http://www.hypermuscles.com/f89/exercise-eliminate-stagnation-lymph-6914/#post33056 INTRODUCTION
The human cortex can be stimulated by a non-invasive and virtually painless technique in conscious humans using a pulsed magnetic field.
This technique, called magnetic stimulation (TMS or Tran cranial Magnetic Stimulation - TMS), is based on a variable magnetic field.
A small coil that receives an extremely potent alternating electrical current is placed on the human skull in the region of the cortex. Constant change of the orientation of the electric current in the coil is capable of generating a magnetic field that passes through some insulating materials like skin and bones, generating electrical current inside the skull, which is able to be focused and restricted to small areas depending geometry and shape of the coil [Halle, 2000]. http://forum.predatornutrition.com/forum/nutrition/how-much-protein-do-we-need/#p25483

Depressed patients showed a significant improvement

Eight patients with unit polar depression and six healthy subjects underwent stimulation with the following paradigms: five sessions of 20 stimuli at 0.5 Hz, separated by a minute, for a total of 100 stimuli per day for eight sessions.
Depressed patients showed a statistically significant improvement in both scales applied
Inventory Beck Depression and Hamilton-D Klein et al [1999,] performed a similar protocol but with a larger sample (70 patients) divided into two groups: group treatment that received TMS over the right frontal lobe with the intensity of 110% LM in 10 sessions at 1 Hz with 120 stimuli each session, and the group with sham TMS. http://www.naturalmuscle.co.uk/forum/index.php?topic=2261.0
Patients who received TMS had great improvement in scores of depression scales compared with the placebo group.
Seventeen of the 32 patients in the real TMS group and only 32 in eight patients in the placebo group improved more than 50% in the Hamilton-D scale.
Increased activity in the right prefrontal lobe may be the one responsible for the decreased activity of the wolf left prefrontal depression.
One of the advantages of inhibiting the right frontal lobe with rather low TMS stimulation of the left prefrontal lobe with high frequency often is safety.
 It reduced the likelihood of low frequency TMS cause seizures, despite the high-frequency TMS still be acceptably safe [Ember et al, 1998]. http://www.hypermuscles.com/f89/how-gain-muscle-mass-using-forearms-rod-6913/#post33055
The effects of low frequency TMS in the right prefrontal cortex in major depression and psychotic are still unknown. These studies support the paradigm of unbalance of the prefrontal lobe in major depression. COULD INDUCE EMTR CRISIS OF BIPOLAR MANIA IN PATIENTS?

Treating major depression and psychosis

On the other hand, in the group of non-psychotic patients the response was very similar in both treatments (CET - 6 in 10 patients with good response, TMS - 7 in 11 patients with good response).
 The authors concluded that TEC is clearly superior to treat DM with psychosis and that TMS has a similar response to ECT for the treatment of DM patients with psychosis.
 They also concluded that TMS for four weeks has greater efficacy. This result is opposite to that published by Paschal-Leone et al in 1996 showed good response with the use of TMS for the treatment of DM with depression.  http://www.bodyactive-nation.co.uk/forum/Exercises/5446-The-Best-Biceps-Exercise-You-re-Not-Doing#p69715
The reason may be due to the fact that Paschal-Leone et al used different paradigms and outpatients in TMS.
Because the patients in the study by Pascal-Leone et al remain in outpatient treatment for five months, they should be considered substantially less sick than patients with diabetes with acute psychosis who participated in the study Gnaws et al.
Added to the fact that the study of Grays et al had an unblended trial and there was no placebo group.
 Another important aspect that should be addressed in the treatment of depression and TMS inhibitory role via inter hemispheric corpus callous [Moore, 2000].
Meknes et al [1999] demonstrated that inhibitory TMS applied to the right prefrontal cortex produced a significant antidepressant effect, in contrast to the excitement of the left frontal lobe with high-frequency TMS. They conducted a pilot TMS stimulation of the right prefrontal lobe case-control study. http://www.naturalmuscle.co.uk/forum/index.php?topic=2261.0

Psychotic depression and similar efficacy

For the authors, the placebo response could be due to significant clinical contact and activity involved in the study (daily sessions), although this is an amazing fact when considering the refractory nature of depression.
Alternatively, the EMT placebo may have some degree of action, even considering that the stimulus caused by this form is much smaller than the traditional way. 3) http://forums.moneysavingexpert.com/showthread.php?t=4744771 Other Education: Other studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of TMS in depression three of them must be considered.
Et al [2000] comparing the effects of ECT with TMS obtained a better effect of the first from the second to the treatment of psychotic depression and similar efficacy between the two methods for the treatment of non-psychotic depression.
Meknes et al [1999] obtained good results in the treatment of patients with depression by stimulating the right with low frequency TMS prefrontal cortex (maybe due to some inhibitory mechanism)
Klein et al [1999,] in a similar study confirmed the antidepressant effect of low frequency TMS (1 Hz) on the right.
 Prefrontal cortex Gauss et al [2000], in an open study comparing the effects of TMS and TEC, studied 40 patients with major depression (MD) unresponsive to antidepressant treatment with DM or psychosis. The treated patients received 9.6 http://www.bodyactive-nation.co.uk/forum/Exercise-Programs-Training-Discussion/5259-5-general-training-Tips#p69714 TEC  sessions on average. RTMS was applied to 90% LM (400-1200 pulses per day 10Hz) five times a week for 4 weeks.
The psychotropic medication was continued as pretreatment. In the group of psychotic patients, treatment with TEC was significantly more effective in relation to TMS in another group.

Antidepressant medications were maintained at a stable dose

Antidepressant medications were maintained at a stable dose. The stimulation was performed over the left prefrontal cortex. Patients received 250 pulses for five days at an intensity of 90% LM.
 Only the group that received low frequency TMS showed a small improvement in scores on the Hamilton scale - decrease of 19%.
The difference between these studies poor effects of high-frequency TMS to the previous best results could be due to methodological differences, i.e. fewer stimuli / day and total treatment time compared to previous studies with high frequency [Paschal-Leone et al, 1996, George et al, 1997; Trigs et al, 1999].  hunainnaeem01: http://www.fragrantica.com/board/viewtopic.php?pid=1665792#p1665792Another difference was the quality of the sample: Pad berg et al used very severe patients with pharmacologically resistant depression (3 patients had tried medication unsuccessfully), while in other studies such as the one conducted by Look et al [1999], patients had tried Only one drug without result.
 Look et al [1999], in a double blind study with 18 patients with pharmacologically resistant severe depression found different results from those previously published (discussed above).
 Patients were randomly divided into two groups: TMS of the left doors lateral prefrontal cortex (1500 pulses, 110Hz, 110% LM) and sham TMS.
 They showed a significant linear improvement after 2 weeks of treatment in scores on the Hamilton scale (40% decrease), but no difference between the group receiving sham TMS and real.
This result leads us to question whether or not EMT would have only a placebo effect. http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=2551451

With major depression pharmacologically resistant

Another finding of the study was an improvement in the subject's performance on neuropsychological tests after 10 days of treatment.
 In the study, there was still a patient in response to greater than one year after the use of TMS 2) Studies with reduced EMT for use in the treatment of depression evident.
Subsequent to study Paschal-Leone et al [1996] George et al [1997] found only a 20% decrease in score on the Hamilton scale after application of TMS over the left prefrontal cortex.
Pad berg et al [1999] also found a small improvement (19% decrease in the Hamilton scale) after low frequency TMS and marginal effects after high-frequency TMS.  http://forums.dietpower.com/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=3993
These two studies used a smaller number of those who have been successful stimuli.
Look et al [1999] found no difference between the groups that received sham TMS and real. George et al [1997], based on a placebo-controlled study, depressed patients randomly divided to receive for 2 weeks active TMS (800 pulses, 20 Hz, 80% LM) or 2 weeks of placebo TMS over the left prefrontal cortex.
The mean score on the Hamilton scale decreased by 20% in the treatment group and increased by 12% in the placebo group.
The modest effect found in this study may be due to the smaller number of stimuli applied (800 per session) compared to others who have used 2,000 stimuli per day [Paschal-Leone et al, 1996; Trigs et al, 1999].
Pad berg et al [1999], in a randomized, divided 24 patients with major depression pharmacologically resistant (at least three drugs) into three groups: placebo EMT, low frequency TMS (1 Hz) and high frequency (10Hz). http://forums.dietpower.com/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=4087

Info about Antidepressant medications

The authors [Coca et al, 1996] believe that the antidepressant effect of TMS is intrinsic rather than a possible trigger for the action of antidepressant drugs.
Trigs et al [1999], in an open study of rams over the left prefrontal cortex 10 patients with drug-resistant major depression, daily sessions conducted EMT (2000 stimuli 20 Hz, 80% LM) for 10 days for each patient.  http://forum.dutchfitness.com/showthread.php?p=61627#post61627
Antidepressant medications were reduced and discontinued for a week before the start of TMS.
 The TMS treatment was associated with a significant improvement in mood, including a 41% reduction in HAM-D score and 40% in the BDI. Five patients could be classified as responders, defined by a reduction of at least 50% of the HAM-D after application of MTS.
The improvement in the BDI scale in 10 patients was still statistically significant after 3 months of application of EMT.
 Although this was an open study, without the use of placebo, all patients were resistant to drug therapy, in which two periods of 4 weeks with antidepressants had resulted in failure.
With TMS, all answered well without antidepressant.
Avery et al [1999], in a study of real and placebo TMS over the left prefrontal cortex in the treatment of 6 patients with pharmacologically resistant depression used the following paradigms: 80% LM 10 Hz with 1,000 pulses in 10 sessions over a period of 16 days.  http://forum.dutchfitness.com/showthread.php?p=61628#post61628
The selected patients had had failed at least two different types of antidepressant. Despite the small sample, the authors concluded that the improvement in the group receiving rTMS (down from 10.5 in Hamilton scale) were significant.

Standard antidepressant therapy

Daily sessions for 5 consecutive days were performed one month apart.
The lowest scores on the BDI and Hamilton were obtained after stimulation of the DLPFC compared with other stimulation points.
However, the effects lasted for only two weeks, the third and fourth week there was no difference between groups.
 To the authors, this fleeting effect could be due to the short time of stimulation, compared to others who have used an average of 10 days of stimulation.  http://muskelpower.de/forum/post257278.html#p257278
Coca et al [1996] in a randomized study examined the effectiveness of TMS single pulse as an additive to standard antidepressant therapy for the treatment of major depression.
The 24 patients with major depression were divided into two groups of 12 each.
 One group received TMS as the addictive drug therapy, whereas the other group received an antidepressant.
TMS was applied to the electrodes corresponding to the local region: Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, T3, T4, P3, and P4. Each area was stimulated 5 times, applied the same intensity of 1.9 T (100% of the maximum capacity of the appliance in question) for ten days.  http://muskelpower.de/forum/post257279.html#p257279
After three days, the group treated with depression had the lowest scores in Hamilton.
 26.2 average for the group with EMT versus 31.75 for the group with medication only this difference between the groups became clearer on the last day of study and lasted for at least 14 days after stimulation Although the use of single pulse instead of TMS and various stimulation points, not just the left prefrontal cortex, the results were positive, suggesting that the EMT may be a tool for be used as additive therapy in depression.

Patients with resistant depression

Some of these studies have shown great efficacy, one of them showing a 50% drop in the Hamilton scale after treatment, even considering that the sample is small and the variability in the parameters used between different protocols is great.
 However, modest effects were also found, even the lack of difference between placebo and real EMT, suggesting a placebo effect for EMT. However, the modest results were found in studies with small number of subjects and with fewer pulses applied by patients.
1) Studies with Large Pro Evidence TMS in the Treatment of Depression. Pascal-Leone et al [1996] conducted an early study TMS randomized for treatment of depression.  http://www.chiliving.com/forum/viewthread/13311/
The authors stimulated different regions and obtained better results in the left prefrontal cortex, despite the short duration of effects.
Coca et al [1996] published an open study with positive results after the use of TMS as an additive therapy for depression, although they used TMS single pulse instead of TMS.
Subsequently, Trigs et al [1999] and Avery et al [1999] stimulating only the left prefrontal cortex impressive results were obtained, achieving greater than 50% reduction in Hamilton scale in half of the patients [Trigs et al, 1999], and with lasting effect -. http://www.c2forum.com/viewforum.php?f=9 longer than 1 year in 1 patient [Avery et al 1999] Paschal-Leone et al [1996], in a randomized study with use of placebo, evaluated 17 patients with resistant depression psychotic subtype
RTMS and sham TMS applied over the vertex, left cortex and door so lateral prefrontal right to 10Hz, with 2,000 pulses per session at an intensity 90% of motor threshold (MT).

Studying anatomical brain imaging

Studying anatomical brain imaging, Coffey et al [1993] concluded that patients with severe depression have smaller frontal lobe (7%) than subjects in the control groups.
Structural neuron imaging studies (CT and MRI) and functional (SPECT and PET) also found significant relationships between abnormalities in the prefrontal lobe in both primary depression and secondary depression [George et al, 1994].
Baxter et al [1985] found a decreased metabolism in the left doors lateral prefrontal cortex in all forms of depression and an inverse correlation between the severity of depression and decreased frontal metabolism. Bench et al [1995] reported the changing pattern in the cerebral circulation in a group of 25 patients treated for depression.  http://forum.maternal.com.au/viewtopic.php?f=42&t=211947
They compared the cerebral blood flow pre-and post-treatment and reported that an improvement in depression was associated with a significant increase in cerebral blood flow in the cortex left doors lateral prefrontal (DLPFC), including the anterior cingulated gyros.
Stimulation of the DLPFC is reached as follows: First, the researcher sets the correct position of the coil to stimulate the first interosseous muscle or short abductor of the thumb, with the help of these muscles and electroencephalographic electrodes will monitor.
After choosing the best point, the DLPFC is located five cm above the best point of stimulation soon abductor [Pascal-Leone et al, 1996].
However, this method can be more accurately located through the use of stereotactic navigation that allows placement of the coil TMS in individual brain structures recognized after 3D reconstruction by MRI. Clinical Trials: TMS over the left prefrontal cortex several studies have been undertaken in order to assess the true efficacy of TMS in the treatment of depression.  http://www.chiliving.com/forum/viewthread/13322/

Inhibition of seizures by discharges

There was also an increase in NMDA binding sites in the vendor medial hypothalamus.
These findings may signal the real existence of an antidepressant effect of TMS and petrochemical potential interference of synaptic transmission in the CNS.
Inhibition of seizures by discharges electroconvulsive (DEC)
Fleischmann et al in 1999 in an animal study to explore the effects of TMS on seizure inhibition properties, divided mice into two groups: animals that received sham TMS (sham TMS) and TMS (intensity 2.5 T, 20 Hz for 4 seconds, 2 sessions per day for 16 days).  http://www.superiormuscle.com/forums/womens-health-fitness/60666-tips-fat-loss#post681751
Both groups received DEC in 11 days, 17 and 21 to test parameters (presence and duration of attacks).
The authors concluded that the group that received TMS had fewer seizures and shorter seizures, but this effect was short-lived, after 5 days of TMS response to ECS was normalized.
This effect is similar to that observed in animals receiving DEC.
Reduction in the duration of the seizure finding the EMT the first aspect to consider when analyzing human studies and the place of stimulation
Generally, it is chosen the prefrontal cortex to the study of depression. Why?
The simplest explanation is the belief that due to hypoactivity of the left prefrontal cortex is assumed that this is involved in the pathology of depression.  http://forum.maternal.com.au/viewtopic.php?f=42&t=211847&p=3741162#p3741162
Therefore, this must be the place to stimulation. George et al [1994], in a review article, correlate dysfunction of the left prefrontal cortex with major depression.

The significantly increased dopamine concentration

In contrast, the group that received TMS showed no change in general behavior, particularly without cataplexy and without profound analgesia that was seen in the group of DEC for at least 60 minutes after stimulation.
Changes in brain monoamines: Well-Shaker et al in 1997 reported a study which mice received TMS (2.3 T, 50 stimuli, 25 Hz) TMS and placebo (control group) after 10 seconds, they were sacrificed and their brains dissected and analyzed.  http://www.steadyhealth.com/how_to_lose_weight_in_3_months_t334875.html?post_submited=1#1374699
The significantly increased dopamine concentration in the striatum and hippocampus of TMS in the group, but decreased in the frontal cortex, whereas the concentrations of serotonin and 5-HIAA in the hippocampus increased only after TMS.
The control group showed no change. Such findings are similar to those obtained in mice DEC.
The monoamines, especially serotonin and noradrenalin play an important role in the biochemical events related to depression, such as in mice subjected to DEC. 5)
Changes in the binding site of the 5-HT1A receptors and NMDA Kola et al in 1999, studied three groups of animals that were subjected to different paradigms: sham TMS, TMS applications with 60 to 20 Hz for 3 seconds each application, and control group.
The mice were decapitated 24 Hs after stimulation. Brain tissue was analyzed.
The authors concluded that mice receiving TMS showed a substantial increase in the density and specific binding sites in 5-HT in the frontal cortex, cingulated and anterior olfactory nucleus compared to the placebo group mice. http://www.clutchfitness.com/forums/showthread.php?p=184131#post184131

Morphine introduced coma

A different approach to examine these changes has been to evaluate changes in monoamines and NMDA receptors after one session of TMS.
Significant changes were found in the concentration of dopamine, serotonin and NMDA receptors that are compatible with anti depressive’s effects on the brain.
Animal studies show a promising outlook for EMT. Details follow: 1) reduced immobility in the Porosity test (Porosity Test Swim)
Fleischmann et al [1995] noted that the daily application of TMS (50 stimuli at a frequency of 25 Hz, with an intensity of 2.3 T for 2 seconds) in mice, reduced immobility in the Porosity swim test so as to electroconvulsive discharges (DEC).  http://www.depressionforums.org/forums/topic/84596-what-is-emetophobia/
Zees et al in 1997 also showed similar results when comparing the effects in mice subjected to TMS, DEC with the control group. In this study
TMS was applied with an intensity of 0.1 T in a 5-minute sessions, with a frequency of 50Hz.
They noted that the DEC and TMS significantly reduced immobility in the Pursuit test, but the effects were more pronounced DEC 2)
Improvement of Apo morphine-Induced Stereotypy Fleischmann et al in the same experiment described above, we observed an enhancement of induced stereotypy apomorphine in the group that received TMS compared to the control group 3)
 Adjusting Beta (B-Down-Regulation) Zees et al in 1997, comparing the effects in mice undergoing TMS, DEC and control group showed that the production of cyclic AMP in brain sections was depressed in groups of TMS and DEC, the DEC more important.  http://www.steadyhealth.com/Health__skin__weight_loss_t347429.html?post_submited=1#1374698

The treatment for depression

Several authors use simulated EMT (sham TMS) - TMS or placebo - as the placebo group. For this, the coil, instead of being tangent to the skull, is placed 45th skull, thus generating a limited effect [George et al, 1997].
EMT FOR TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION
Since the first study of EMT repetitive (TMS) and depression posted by et al in 1993, several researchers have concluded that EMT can become a good tool for treating depression.
 Considering, however, that this is not a universal truth and definitely established.
This technique also logically needs some improvements, but there are good reasons that indicate a promising therapy.  http://www.cureyourbody.com/forums/viewthread/388013/
Studies in animals and humans have been continuously published, although some inconsistencies and variability that must be understood.
Animal studies several studies in animals have been shown to display the antidepressant effect of TMS.
To evaluate this effect, researchers have adopted the variables commonly used to assess the effects of discharges electroconvulsive (DEC - electroconvulsive shock - ECS) in mice.
The poor phone test (Apo morphine Induced stereotypy), the Porosity swim test (Porosity test Swim)
 Beta regulation (down-regulation B) and inhibition of seizures induced by electroshock are examples of models used to assess the effects of DEC. http://www.depressionforums.org/forums/topic/11737-risk-of-schizophrenia/?p=1036579
Some authors have found similar changes in these parameters after TMS application or DEC in mice.

Exercise with minimum energy required

The circular coils are relatively powerful.
The coils in eight format (two circles with an intersection between them) are the most frequently used because they produce a more focal magnetic field, giving greater control over the stimulated area [Halle, 2000]'s motor threshold (MT, or motor threshold - MT), i.e.
The minimum energy required by the EMT to produce any observable motor reaction varies according to the subject.  http://www.publichealthforums.com/f-25525-modifications-for-rapid-fat-loss.html
The LM is defined as the minimum stimulation intensity required producing, from 10 consecutive stimuli, five potential higher than 50uV brief abductor of the thumb muscle seen in the contra lateral electromyography administered at 0.2 Hz [Rossini et al, 1994]
Even when the cortical region to be stimulated is not the motor cortex, the motor threshold is a reference level adopted by most studies of EMT, due to the fact that it is reliable and easily determined EMT Types There are two types of EMT: TMS single pulse and repetitive TMS (TMS - repetitive Tran cranial magnetic stimulation - TMS). A single pulse
TMS was the first to be developed. In this case, in each application, a single stream is brought to the cortex.
Repetitive TMS was subsequently developed.
The development of equipment capable of generating stimuli at a frequency of up to 60 Hz increased the potential clinical application of TMS.  http://www.cureyourbody.com/forums/viewthread/388012/
Pulses of high frequency (1-60Hz) have some advantages over single pulses. Neurons that are stimulated by this technique have frequent repetitive discharges, and this can cause an increase in the time of refractoriness, causing an inhibition or even blocking communication with other cortical areas, creating the desired "virtual lesion"